Risk and Resistance

How Feminists Transformed the Law and Science of AIDS

by Aziza Ahmed

Book photo of Risk and Resistance

About the book

How did women come to be seen as ‘at-risk’ for HIV? In the early years of the AIDS crisis, scientific and public health experts questioned whether women were likely to contract HIV in significant numbers and rolled out a response that effectively excluded women. Against a linear narrative of scientific discovery and progress, Risk and Resistance shows that it was the work of feminist lawyers and activists who altered the legal and public health response to the AIDS epidemic. Feminist AIDS activists and their allies took to the streets, legislatures, administrative agencies, and courts to demand the recognition of women in the HIV response. Risk and Resistance recovers a key story in feminist legal history – one of strategy, struggle, and competing feminist visions for a just and healthy society. It offers a clear and compelling vision of how social movements have the capacity to transform science in the service of legal change.

  • “Risk and Resistance is a beautifully-written, meticulously-researched, and compellingly-argued book. It is poised to shift understandings of the relationship between law and science in a way that is truly groundbreaking.”

    Khiara M. Bridges

    Professor of Law @ UC Berkeley School of Law. Author of Reproducing Race: An Ethnography of Pregnancy as a Site of Racialization.
  • “This is a groundbreaking work of scholarship – but also a sorely needed ‘bearing witness’ in the public sphere to the contribution of a generation of women to ending a modern plague.”

    Gregg Gonsalvez

    Associate Professor, Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases @ Yale School of Public Health.
  • “In beautiful prose and rich story-telling, Aziza Ahmed corrects the historical record, rewriting women and crucial, feminist activism into the folds of a devastating era in global history.”

    Michele Bratcher Goodwin

    Linda D. and Timothy J. O’Neill Professor @ Georgetown Law School.
  • “A definitive, dramatic history of feminist activist struggle against the medical establishment’s understanding of AIDS and the terrible policies it led to.”

    Duncan Kennedy

    Carter Professor of General Jurisprudence, Emeritus @ Harvard Law School.
  • “This book underscores how wrong assumptions can lead to bad public health policy – and why we need a strong advocacy community to partner with scientists and health care leaders to ensure that all receive equitable care and treatment.”

    Judy Norsigian & Byllye Avery

    Judy Norsigian is a co-founder of Our Bodies, Our Selves and Byllye Avery is the founder of the National Black Women’s Health Project.
  • “This book is the chronicle of hard-fought interventions that redirected the course of legal and medical history and that transformed social outcomes to the betterment of all.”

    Patricia Williams

    Distinguished Professor of Law and the Humanities @ Northeastern University School of Law.

About the author

Aziza Ahmed’s scholarship examines the intersection of law, politics, and science in the fields of constitutional law, criminal law, health law, and family law.

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Profile photo of Professor Aziza Ahmed

Events

Mar
03
2026

Yale Workshop

12:10 PM @ Yale Law School

Book workshop sponsored by the Information Society Project. Open to the Yale Law School community only.

What others are saying

Public Health Law, Social Movements, and the Feminist Remaking of AIDS

March 2026 • Jotwell Health Law
by Prof. Maya Manian

“At a moment when public trust in expertise is failing, and public health crises are pitched battles, Risk and Resistance offers both historical insight and conceptual clarity. It is essential reading for anyone interested in how law, science, and social movements shape who is allowed to survive—and under what conditions.”

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Being Counted: Women & the AIDS Epidemic

Professor Aziza Ahmed’s book documents the critical role that women played as activists for treatment and policy

April 2026 • The Record
by Sarah Awan Whelan

“Activists weren’t just challenging policy. They were challenging the way scientific knowledge was being produced. They understood that if women were excluded from research, their needs would continue to be ignored in treatment and policy.”

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Risk and Resistance: How Feminists Transformed the Law and Science of AIDS by Aziza Ahmed

October 2026 • Osgoode Hall Law Journal
by Kailey Tam

“Risk and Resistance successfully shows how law, science, and epidemiological claims are developed through contemporary political and economic contexts.”

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© 2026 Aziza Ahmed. All rights reserved.

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